LISTRIK

Listrik
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Petir adalah contoh listrik alami yang paling dramatis

Kelistrikan adalah sifat benda yang muncul dari adanya muatan listrik. Listrik, dapat juga diartikan sebagai berikut:

    * Listrik adalah kondisi dari partikel subatomik tertentu, seperti elektron dan proton, yang menyebabkan penarikan dan penolakan gaya di antaranya.
    * Listrik adalah sumber energi yang disalurkan melalui kabel. Arus listrik timbul karena muatan listrik mengalir dari saluran positif ke saluran negatif.

Bersama dengan magnetisme, listrik membentuk interaksi fundamental yang dikenal sebagai elektromagnetisme. Listrik memungkinkan terjadinya banyak fenomena fisika yang dikenal luas, seperti petir, medan listrik, dan arus listrik. Listrik digunakan dengan luas di dalam aplikasi-aplikasi industri seperti elektronik dan tenaga listrik.
Daftar isi
 [sembunyikan]

    * 1 Sifat-sifat listrik
    * 2 Berkawan dengan listrik
    * 3 Unit-unit listrik SI
    * 4 Referensi
    * 5 Pranala luar

[sunting] Sifat-sifat listrik

Listrik memberi kenaikan terhadap 4 gaya dasar alami, dan sifatnya yang tetap dalam benda yang dapat diukur. Dalam kasus ini, frase "jumlah listrik" digunakan juga dengan frase "muatan listrik" dan juga "jumlah muatan". Ada 2 jenis muatan listrik: positif dan negatif. Melalui eksperimen, muatan-sejenis saling menolak dan muatan-lawan jenis saling menarik satu sama lain. Besarnya gaya menarik dan menolak ini ditetapkan oleh hukum Coulomb. Beberapa efek dari listrik didiskusikan dalam fenomena listrik dan elektromagnetik.

Satuan unit SI dari muatan listrik adalah coulomb, yang memiliki singkatan "C". Simbol Q digunakan dalam persamaan untuk mewakili kuantitas listrik atau muatan. Contohnya, "Q=0,5 C" berarti "kuantitas muatan listrik adalah 0,5 coulomb".

Jika listrik mengalir melalui bahan khusus, misalnya dari wolfram dan tungsten, cahaya pijar akan dipancarkan oleh logam itu. Bahan-bahan seperti itu dipakai dalam bola lampu (bulblamp atau bohlam).

Setiap kali listrik mengalir melalui bahan yang mempunyai hambatan, maka akan dilepaskan panas. Semakin besar arus listrik, maka panas yang timbul akan berlipat. Sifat ini dipakai pada elemen setrika dan kompor listrik..
[sunting] Berkawan dengan listrik

Aliran listrik mengalir dari saluran positif ke saluran negatif. Dengan listrik arus searah jika kita memegang hanya kabel positif (tapi tidak memegang kabel negatif), listrik tidak akan mengalir ke tubuh kita (kita tidak terkena strum). Demikian pula jika kita hanya memegang saluran negatif.

Dengan listrik arus bolak-balik, Listrik bisa juga mengalir ke bumi (atau lantai rumah). Hal ini disebabkan oleh sistem perlistrikan yang menggunakan bumi sebagai acuan tegangan netral (ground). Acuan ini, yang biasanya di pasang di dua tempat (satu di ground di tiang listrik dan satu lagi di ground di rumah). Karena itu jika kita memegang sumber listrik dan kaki kita menginjak bumi atau tangan kita menyentuh dinding, perbedaan tegangan antara kabel listrik di tangan dengan tegangan di kaki (ground), membuat listrik mengalir dari tangan ke kaki sehingga kita akan mengalami kejutan listrik ("terkena strum").

Daya listrik dapat disimpan, misalnya pada sebuah aki atau batere. Listrik yang kecil, misalnya yang tersimpan dalam batere, tidak akan memberi efek setrum pada tubuh. Pada aki mobil yang besar, biasanya ada sedikit efek setrum, meskipun tidak terlalu besar dan berbahaya. Listrik mengalir dari kutub positif batere/aki ke kutub negatif.

Sistem listrik yang masuk ke rumah kita, jika menggunakan sistem listrik 1 fase, biasanya terdiri atas 3 kabel:

Pertama adalah kabel fase (berwarna merah) yang merupakan sumber listrik bolak-balik (fase positif dan fase negatif berbolak-balik terus menerus). Kabel ini adalah kabel yang membawa tegangan dari pembangkit tenaga listrik (PLN misalnya); kabel ini biasanya dinamakan kabel panas (hot), dapat dibandingkan seperti kutub positif pada sistem listrik arus searah (walaupun secara fisika adalah tidak tepat).

Kedua adalah (berwarna hitam) kabel netral. Kabel ini pada dasarnya adalah kabel acuan tegangan nol, yang disambungkan ke tanah di pembangkit tenaga listrik, pada titik-titik tertentu (pada tiang listrik) jaringan listrik dipasang kabel netral ini untuk disambungkan ke ground terutama pada trafo penurun tegangan dari saluran tegangan tinggi tiga jalur menjadi tiga jalur fase ditambah jalur ground (empat jalur) yang akan disalurkan kerumah-rumah atau kelainnya.

Untuk mengatasi kebocoran arus listrik dari peralatan tiap rumah dipasang kabel grund (berwarna hitam) dihubungkan dengan logam yang ditancapkan ditanah untuk disatukan dengan saluran kabel netral dari jala listrik dipasang pada jarak terdekat dengan alat meteran listrik atau dekat dengan sikring.

Dalam kejadian-kejadian badai listrik luar angkasa (space electrical storm) yang besar, ada kemungkinan arus akan mengalir dari acuan tanah yang satu ke acuan tanah lain yang jauh letaknya. Fenomena alami ini bisa memicu kejadian mati lampu berskala besar.

Ketiga adalah kabel tanah atau Ground (berwarna biru, hijau selain warna hitam dan merah). Kabel ini adalah acuan nol di lokasi pemakai, yang disambungkan ke tanah (ground) di rumah pemakai, kabel ini benar-benar berasal dari logam yang ditanam di tanah di rumah kita, kabel ini merupakan kabel pengamanan yang disambungkan ke badan (chassis) alat2 listrik di rumah untuk memastikan bahwa pemakai alat tersebut tidak akan mengalami kejutan listrik.

Kabel ketiga ini jarang dipasang dirumah-rumah penduduk, pastikan teknisi (instalatir) listrik anda memasang kabel tanah (ground) pada sistem listrik di rumah. Pemasang ini penting, karena merupakan syarat mutlak bagi keselamatan anda dari bahaya kejutan listrik yang bisa berakibat fatal dan juga beberapa alat-alat listrik yang sensitif tidak akan bekerja dengan baik jika ada induksi listrik yang muncul di chassisnya (misalnya karena efek arus Eddy).
[sunting] Unit-unit listrik SI
edit Unit-unit elektromagnetisme SI
Simbol     Nama kuantitas     Unit turunan         Unit dasar
I     Arus     ampere     A     A
Q     Muatan listrik, Jumlah listrik     coulomb     C     A·s
V     Perbedaan potensial     volt     V     J/C = kg·m2·s−3·A−1
R, Z     Tahanan, Impedansi, Reaktansi     ohm     Ω     V/A = kg·m2·s−3·A−2
ρ     Ketahanan     ohm meter     Ω·m     kg·m3·s−3·A−2
P     Daya, Listrik     watt     W     V·A = kg·m2·s−3
C     Kapasitansi     farad     F     C/V = kg−1·m−2·A2·s4
    Elastisitas     reciprocal farad     F−1     V/C = kg·m2·A−2·s−4
ε     Permitivitas     farad per meter     F/m     kg−1·m−3·A2·s4
χe     Susceptibilitas listrik     (dimensionless)     -     -
    Konduktansi, Admitansi, Susceptansi     siemens     S     Ω−1 = kg−1·m−2·s3·A2
σ     Konduktivitas     siemens per meter     S/m     kg−1·m−3·s3·A2
H     Medan magnet, Kekuatan medan magnet     ampere per meter     A/m     A·m−1
Φm     Flux magnet     weber     Wb     V·s = kg·m2·s−2·A−1
B     Kepadatan medan magnet, Induksi magnet, Kekuatan medan magnet     tesla     T     Wb/m2 = kg·s−2·A−1
    Reluktansi     ampere-turns per weber     A/Wb     kg−1·m−2·s2·A2
L     Induktansi     henry     H     Wb/A = V·s/A = kg·m2·s−2·A−2
μ     Permeabilitas     henry per meter     H/m     kg·m·s−2·A−2
χm     Susceptibilitas magnet     (dimensionless)     -     -

Garuda Indonesia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Garuda Indonesia

IATA GA ICAO GIA Callsign INDONESIA
Founded	26 January 1949 (as Garuda Indonesian Airways)
Hubs	Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Ngurah Rai International Airport Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport
Secondary hubs	Juanda International Airport Polonia International Airport Sepinggan International Airport
Frequent-flyer program	Garuda Frequent Flyer
Airport lounge	Garuda Indonesia Executive Lounge
Alliance	SkyTeam (2012)[1]
Fleet size	76 (+ 154 orders)
Destinations	49 (32 Domestic,17 International)
Company slogan	Fly Ever Higher
Parent company	Government of the Republic of Indonesia
Headquarters	Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
Key people	Hadiyanto SH (Chairman)[2] Emirsyah Satar (President and CEO)[2]
Website	www.garuda-indonesia.com

PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk (IDX: GIAA), publicly known as Garuda Indonesia, is the flag carrier of Indonesia. It is named after the mystical giant bird Garuda of Hinduism and Buddhist mythology. It is headquartered at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Tangerang, near Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. Most Garuda Indonesia shares are owned by the Indonesian government; the airline employs 5,808 staff (as of December 2010).^[2]
According to the sacred texts of Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Garuda is the carrier of the God Vishnu; a representation of Garuda appears in the National Emblem of Indonesia, Garuda Pancasila. The airline's main hub is Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, and the airline also has a hub at Ngurah Rai International Airport, Bali.^[3][4] The airline flies to a number of destinations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, Europe and Australia. It also previously flew to several destinations in North America. From June 2007, Garuda, along with all Indonesian airlines, was banned from flying to the EU.^[5] However, this ban has been lifted since July 2009.^[6] In May 2008, Garuda Indonesia received its IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA)^[7] and in 2010 for the second time (consecutive).^[8]
Garuda Indonesia is listed as a 4-star airline by Skytrax, and is also listed among Skytrax's Quality Approved Airlines.^[9] In May 2010, the airline was named as the World's Most Improved Airline by Skytrax during 2010 World Airline Awards in Hamburg.^[10] Garuda Indonesia announced that it will join the SkyTeam airline alliance by 2012,^[1] and aims to achieve a 5-star Skytrax rating by 2013.^[11][12]

Contents  [hide]  1 History 1.1 The beginnings 1.2 The 1960s: Growth and expansion 1.3 1970s–1980s: New equipment 1.4 1990s: The difficult time for Garuda 1.5 2000–2009: Plummeting reputation and EU ban 1.6 2009–Present: Rebirth 2 Corporate affairs and identity 2.1 Head office 2.2 Privatization 2.3 Subsidiaries 3 Destinations 3.1 Codeshare agreements and alliances 4 Fleet 4.1 Previously operated 5 Services 5.1 Cabin 5.2 In-flight entertainment 5.3 Ticketing 6 Frequent-flyer program 7 Executive Lounge 8 Incidents and accidents 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

[edit] History

[edit] The beginnings

Douglas DC-3 Seulawah, the first Garuda Indonesia aircraft is set for display in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, contribution of the Acehnese people

Garuda Indonesia had its beginnings in the Indonesian war of independence against the Dutch in the late 1940s, when Garuda flew special transports with a Douglas DC-3.^[13] 26 January 1949 is generally recognized as the airline's founding date, at which time the airline was known as "Garuda Indonesian Airways." The first aircraft was a DC-3 known as Seulawah (Acehnese: "Gold Mountain") and was purchased for a sum of 120,000 Malayan dollars, which was provided by the people of Aceh (notably local merchants).^[14] During the revolution, the airline supported Indonesian interests, such as carrying Indonesian leaders for diplomatic missions. Now, a chartered Garuda Indonesia Airbus A330-300 is used by the President of Indonesia for presidential travels.
The Burmese government helped the airline significantly during its beginnings. The country's national airline, Union of Burma Airways, often chartered this DC-3 for its own flights. Accordingly, upon Garuda's formal joint incorporation with KLM on 31 March 1950, the airline presented the Burmese government with a DC-3. By 1953, the airline had 46 aircraft,^[13] although by 1955 its Catalina fleet had been retired. In June 1956, Garuda made its first Hajj flight, operated with a Convair 340 carrying 40 Indonesians, to the city of Mecca.^[13]
The name "Garuda" was derived from a Dutch poem written by a renowned scholar and Poet Raden Mas Noto Soeroto;
"Ik ben Garuda, Vishnoe's vogel, die zijn vleugels uitslaat hoog boven uw eilanden"
which means "I'm a Garuda,Vishnu's Bird,spreads its wings high above the Islands"
The line was mentioned by Sukarno during the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference at The Hague,from August 23 to November 2, 1949.

[edit] The 1960s: Growth and expansion

The 1960s were times of growth for the airline; the fleet in 1960 included eight Convair 240s, eight Convair 340s and eight Convair 440s. In 1961 and late 1965, three Convair 990 jet aircraft were introduced along with three Lockheed L-188 Electras, and a route was opened to Kai Tak International Airport in Hong Kong. After concentrating on domestic and regional services, the first flights to Europe were added on 28 September 1963, to Amsterdam and Frankfurt. In 1965, flights to Europe were expanded to include Rome and Paris via Bombay and Cairo, with the exclusive use of Convair 990 aircraft. That year, flights to People's Republic of China started, with Garuda flying to Canton via Phnom Penh. Also in 1965, the jet age arrived for Garuda, with a Douglas DC-8 that flew to Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport via Colombo, Bombay, Rome and Prague.^[13]

[edit] 1970s–1980s: New equipment

A Garuda Indonesia Boeing 747-200 (named City of Jakarta) at Zurich, Switzerland. (1985)

In early 1970s, Garuda Indonesia introduced McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and Fokker F28 jets, and at one point Garuda owned 62 Fokker jets, making Garuda the world's largest operator of F28s at that time. In 1973, the carrier introduced the Douglas DC-10; it later introduced the Boeing 747-200, in 1980, and Airbus A300-B4 on 21 June 1982. Garuda was the launch customer for Airbus A300 with two-man crew cockpit (designated A300B4-220FFCC). By 1984, nine of these were in service, supplemented by 10 Douglas DC-10s, 24 Douglas DC-9s, 45 Fokker F-28s, and 6 Boeing 747-200s. During the 1970s the airline had its headquarters in Jakarta.^[15]

[edit] 1990s: The difficult time for Garuda

In 1991, Garuda purchased 9 McDonnell-Douglas MD-11s;^[13] it later introduced Boeing 747-400 in 1994 (two of them were purchased directly from Boeing, the third was ex-Varig), and Airbus A330-300, in 1996. But, at the time Garuda suffered two accidents, the first was in Fukuoka, Japan, and the worst disaster in Indonesian aviation history, when an Airbus A300 crashed in Medan, North Sumatra. The 1997 Asian financial crisis hit Indonesia and Garuda hard, resulting in severe cutbacks on unprofitable routes. Despite once having a comprehensive worldwide route network, Garuda currently suspends services to US, despite once flown to Honolulu and continues to Los Angeles . Largely due to historical links with the Netherlands, Garuda continued to operate flights to Amsterdam and Frankfurt after the initial cutbacks, although these flights were also discontinued from 28 October 2004. The situation was exacerbated by the September 11 terrorist attacks, the Bali bombings, the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami and the SARS scare, all of which contributed to a downturn in air travel and Indonesian tourism. However, by 2005, the airline had largely recovered from its economic problems.^[16]

[edit] 2000–2009: Plummeting reputation and EU ban

Boeing 737-800 with the new Garuda livery in 2009.

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010)

A Garuda Indonesia Boeing 747-400 at Narita International Airport, Japan. (2005)

In 2001, Garuda established a low-cost subsidiary, CitiLink, to provide shuttle services between Indonesian cities. The carrier stated operations with five ex-Garuda Indonesia Fokker F28s.
There was speculation that Garuda would expand its route map again before the end of the decade, possibly after the scheduled completion of the new Medan airport, Kuala Namu International Airport, in 2009; but, the airport was not complete as of 2010. It scheduled to complete in 2011 or 2012. This could include routes to major European hubs such as Paris, London, and Frankfurt, pending clearance by the European Union.

Wikinews has related news: EU bans all Indonesian airlines as well as several from Russia, Ukraine and Angola

In June 2007, the EU banned Garuda Indonesia, along with all other Indonesian airlines, from flying into any European countries,^[17][18] following the crash of a Boeing 737-400 earlier that year. With the support of the international aviation industry for all Indonesian airlines, the EU promised to review its ban and sent a team of experts, led by the European Commission's Air Safety Administrator Federico Grandini to Indonesia to consider lifting the ban.^[5] In August 2007, the transportation minister of Indonesia announced that the EU would lift its ban hopefully somewhere in October, stating that the ban was attributed to communication breakdown between the two parties and that discussion was in progress. In November 2007, Garuda announced its intention to fly to Amsterdam from Jakarta and Denpasar on the condition that the European Union lifted the ban on the airline. Airbus A330s and Boeing 777s were aircraft that were suggested as being suitable for use on these revitalised routes.^[19] On November 28, 2007, the EU refused to lift its ban on Garuda flying to all European countries. It announced the safety reforms already undertaken were a step in the right direction for the EU to consider lifting the ban, but still did not satisfy the EU's aviation safety standards.^[20] The ban was lifted in July 2009.^[21] In the wake of the ban being lifted, Garuda plans to start services to Amsterdam and is considering other European destinations in the near future. Management is also considering servicing the US where it currently has no services.^[22]

The Garuda Indonesia Boeing 737 old and new livery line up at Soekarno Hatta International Airport, Indonesia. The far right is the new livery. (2010)

In July 2007, the Deputy of Marketing, Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Indonesia announced that Garuda Indonesia had plans to start service to India, although the date had not been determined.^[23]
In July 2009, following a third mission led again by Federico Grandini,^[24] the European Commission lifted Garuda Indonesia's ban from flying into Europe. This was followed by three other airlines.^[25]

[edit] 2009–Present: Rebirth

The new Garuda Indonesia flight attendants’ uniform, featuring kebaya and parang gondosuli batik

Following the lifting of the EU ban against Garuda Indonesia and three other Indonesian carriers, the airline announced in July 2009 an aggressive five-year expansion plan known as the Quantum Leap.^[26][27] The plan involved an image overhaul, including changing the airline's livery, staff uniform and logo. Within a five-year period, its fleet would double from 62 to 116 aircraft.^[26] The Quantum Leap also plans to boost passenger annual numbers to 27.6 million in the same period, up from 10.1 million at the time of program launch through increasing domestic and international destinations from 41 to 62.^[26] Route expansions included Amsterdam, with a stopover in Dubai, in 2010. A non-stop flight using Boeing 777-300ERs is planned for 2013. Other routes to world hubs such as London, Frankfurt, Paris, Rome, Madrid and Los Angeles are being considered for reopening.^{[28][29][30][31][32]}
In 2009, Garuda adopted a new logo and aircraft color scheme, replacing designs that had been in use for over 20 years.^[33] New uniforms were introduced in 2010.^[34]

A Garuda Indonesia Boeing 737-800 with new livery approaching Ngurah Rai International Airport, Bali (2010)

At the 2010 Farnborough Airshow, Garuda announced an order for another six A330-200 airliners.^[35] According to Garuda Indonesia’s Technical Director, Garuda Indonesia planned to buy nine Boeing 737-800s and two Airbus 330-200s in 2011.
With aimes to improve flight capacity and frequency to eastern Indonesia, Garuda Indonesia open a third hub located at the Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport, Makassar, South Sulawesi from June 1, 2011. The company's first two hubs are Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Cengkareng, Jakarta, and Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali.^[36]
Garuda Indonesia is increasing its flight frequency of its domestic routes and its international routes. Of the international routes, Garuda is increasing its frequency of Jakarta-Singapore to 8 times per day with a Boeing 737-800, Jakarta-Bangkok to 2 times per day with a Boeing 737-800, Jakarta-Hongkong to 2 times per day with a A330-200 and a Boeing 737-800, Jakarta-Beijing to 5 times per week with a A330-300 and a A330-200, Jakarta-Shanghai to 5 times per week with a A330-200 and a A330-300, and Denpasar-Seoul to 5 times per week with a Boeing 747-400 and a A330-300. Garuda intends to reopen its flights to Manila and Taipei on November 2011. International routes that are still under consideration to be reopened are Mumbai and Chennai in India. These destinations will be served from Jakarta by an Airbus A330-200. Routes such as Frankfurt, London, Munich, Rome, Paris, and Los Angeles will be reopened when the Boeing 777-300ER arrives. However, Garuda waits for its route to Amsterdam to settle first, after which they will reopen other European routes and probably its route to Los Angeles.^[37]
At the Paris Air Show 2011, Garuda Indonesia announced a firm order of 25 Airbus A320s with an option for another 25.^[38]

[edit] Corporate affairs and identity

[edit] Head office

Garuda Indonesia has its head office at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia,^[39][40] near Cengkareng and near Jakarta. The head office is the Garuda Indonesia Management Building, located within the Garuda Indonesia City Center. The about 17,000-square-metre (180,000 sq ft) head office facility is on a 5-hectare (12-acre) plot of land. As of 2009, the head office houses the Garuda management and about 1,000 employees from various units. Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono opened the current Garuda head office in 2009.^[41] The previous head office was located in the city center of Jakarta, in Central Jakarta.^[41][42][43]

[edit] Privatization

Garuda Indonesia had announced that its subsidiary, GMF AeroAsia would be listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2008. However, due to financial crisis in 2008, GMF delayed IPO until 2009. The Ministry of State-Owned Companies (Kementrian BUMN) also had announced a plan to privatize Garuda, that opened a possibility to offer its shares publicly. Garuda Indonesia aimed to list on February 11, 2011, for an Initial Public Offering.^[44] Government of Indonesia has confirmed the IPO price of Garuda Indonesia at Rp.750 per share and also cut offering size to 6.3 billion shares only from 9.362 billion planned before.^[45]

[edit] Subsidiaries

Garuda Indonesia’s subsidiaries include PT. Aerowisata, PT. Abacus DSI, PT. Gapura Angkasa, PT. Garuda Indonesia Citilink, PT. Garuda Maintenance Facility Aero Asia, Cargo Garuda Indonesia and PT. Aero System Indonesia.

Company	Type	Principal activities	Incorporated in	Group's Equity Shareholding
PT. Aerowisata	Subsidiary	Travel, hotel, transportation and catering services	Indonesia	100%
PT. Abacus Distribution Systems Indonesia	Subsidiary	Computer reservation provider	Indonesia	100%
PT. Gapura Angkasa	Subsidiary	Ground handling service	Indonesia	100%
PT. Garuda Indonesia Citilink	Subsidiary	Low-cost airline	Indonesia	100%
PT Garuda Maintenance Facility Aero Asia	Subsidiary	Aircraft Maintenance	Indonesia	99%
Cargo Garuda Indonesia	Subsidiary	Cargo	Indonesia	100%
PT. Aero Systems Indonesia	Subsidiary	IT provider and solutions	Indonesia	51%

[edit] Destinations

Main article: Garuda Indonesia destinations

Garuda currently operates 93,000 annual flights^[2] to a total of 49 destinations (32 domestic, 17 international)^[46] throughout Asia – including the Middle East – and Australia; Australia and Japan are vital tourism markets.
On 13 October 2009, Garuda Indonesia announced they will be resuming flights to Europe for the first time after removal from the E.U. blacklist. The flight, operating since 1 June 2010, is to Amsterdam, The Netherlands, with a stopover at Dubai, United Arab Emirates, operated by an Airbus A330-200 aircraft.^[47][48]

[edit] Codeshare agreements and alliances

Codesharing has allowed Garuda Indonesia to expand services into Western Europe. Garuda also expressed an interest in joining the SkyTeam alliance, which would make it the second airline in Southeast Asia to join after Vietnam Airlines. Membership would also open SkyTeam's network to Indonesian, Australian and New Zealand markets. In December 2009, three SkyTeam members – Korean Air, KLM and Delta – committed to supporting Garuda Indonesia to join SkyTeam. This made Garuda eligible to apply for membership in the alliance. On November 23, 2010, Garuda Indonesia signed an agreement to join SkyTeam. The airline will officially enter the alliance in mid-2012.^[49]
Garuda Indonesia offers flights to 16 other international destinations through codeshare agreements with, * indicate as SkyTeam:

AeroMexico * China Airlines * China Southern Airlines * Delta Air Lines *

Emirates Gulf Air Hainan Airlines KLM *

Korean Air * Malaysia Airlines (future Oneworld member) Philippine Airlines Qatar Airways

Saudi Arabian Airlines future * Silk Air Singapore Airlines (Star Alliance)

Turkish Airlines (Star Alliance) Vietnam Airlines * Virgin Australia Qantas (Oneworld)

A Garuda Indonesia Boeing 737-300 bound for Jakarta, Indonesia pushing back at Singapore Changi Airport, Singapore. (2006)

On 19 June 2007, Garuda Indonesia and Hainan Airlines began codesharing in a bid to strengthen both airlines' marketing positions in Indonesia and People's Republic of China.^[50] In this agreement, Garuda Indonesia will be the operating partner on the Jakarta-Beijing (vv) service, flying three times a week using a new A330-200.
An interline agreement between Garuda Indonesia and Australian airline Virgin Blue (now Virgin Australia) was confirmed in November 2007. This facilitates travel for passengers connecting from a Virgin Australia domestic flight to a Garuda Indonesia international service departing from either Sydney, Melbourne or Perth.^[51]
In June 2008, it was announced that Garuda would increase services between Australia and Bali. From June 25, Garuda added an extra flight between Darwin and Denpasar, bringing the total number of services to three per week. Additionally, a fourth flight from Melbourne to Denpasar began on July 22. On September 2, another extra service departed from Melbourne to bring the total number of flights per week to five, and a sixth flight left from Sydney. This extra capacity was in response to an increase in the number of Australians who travelled to Bali in the first quarter of 2008, marking a resurgence in Balinese tourism, which was hard hit by the 2002 and 2005 Bali bombings.^[52]
In August 2008, a codeshare agreement between Singapore Airlines and the airline on route between Singapore and Denpasar was established. Singapore Airlines is the operating carrier.

[edit] Fleet

A Garuda Indonesia Airbus A330-200 at Chek Lap Kok Airport, Hong Kong. (2010)

All Garuda's aircraft are maintained by GMF AeroAsia.^[53] After the arrival of the six Airbus A330-200 aircraft since 2009 Garuda still expects 8 more Airbus A330-200 and 10 Boeing 777-300ERs to join its widebody fleet by 2016. The Boeing customer code for Garuda Indonesia is 7x7-xU3.^[54][55]
Currently, the airline is utilising the Airbus A330-200s on its route to Amsterdam, East Asian and Australian flights originating from Jakarta, Boeing 747-400s on their Middle Eastern routes, Airbus A330-300s for most of their Australian and East Asian routes originating from Bali, Boeing 737-800s on most domestic and regional routes and on the Perth to Denpasar International route and the Boeing 737 Classics on domestic sectors. Once the Boeing 777-300ERs enter service, they will be used on the planned non-stop European and US flights. The airline also plan to acquire 18 Sub-100 seater aircraft to serve secondary domestic airports beginning this year.^[56]
As of October 2011, the Garuda Indonesia fleet averages 8.1 years of age with the following fleet planning matrix:^[55]

Garuda Indonesia Fleet

Aircraft	In fleet	Orders	Passengers				Notes
			F	C	Y	Total
Airbus A330-200	6	12	0	36	186	222	equipped with AVOD executive class and economy class
Airbus A330-300	6	4[57]	0	42	215[58]	257[58]	all 6 retrofitted and equipped with AVOD
Boeing 737-300	6	0	0	16	94	110	to be replaced by Boeing 737-800 from 2014
Boeing 737-400	3	0	0	14	120	134
			0	16	120	136
Boeing 737-500	5	0	0	12	84	96
Boeing 737-800	31	148	0	12	144	156
	4		0	12	148	160
	12		0	12	150	162
Boeing 747-400	3	0	0	42	386	428	AVOD in Executive Class[54]
Boeing 777-300ER	0	10	4	38	295	337[54]	to feature First Class, first delivery in February 2012
Total	76	154

Garuda Indonesia 737-800 (registration PK-GFN) painted in old livery which was used from 1969 to 1985 at Semarang airport in June 2011.

[edit] Previously operated

Garuda Indonesia Retired Fleet

Aircraft	Total	Operated In	Notes
Airbus A300 B4-220FF/605/622R	22	1982–2002	8 A300B4-220FFC are stored or sold,possibly scrapped, one crashed at Medan. All remaining A300-600/600R are sold to another airlines or returned to lessor
Boeing 747–2U3B	6	1980–2003	2 aircraft sold to Phuket Air, 2 aircraft converted into freighters, 2 stored at CGK
Convair 240	8	1950–1965
Convair 340	8	1952–1968	The first hajj flight was operated by this aircraft.
Convair 440	8	1956–1970
Convair 990	3	1962–1975	First jet aircraft in fleet.
de Havilland Heron	14	1952–1956
Douglas DC-3	26	1949–1970	First aircraft model in the fleet
Douglas DC-8-58	6	1965–1980	Leased from KLM, purchased
Douglas DC-8-63	2	1972–1980	One crashed at Colombo
Fokker F27 Mk 400	12[59]	1967–1975[60]	1 crashed at Lampung
Fokker F28 Mk 1000	14	1969–1983	Some donated to Merpati, some returned to Fokker or sold.
Fokker F28 Mk 3000	12	1973–1999	Some donated to Merpati.
Fokker F28 Mk 4000	22	1978–2001	Retired in 2001, transferred to Citilink, later stored at CGK, 3 crashed
Lockheed L-188 Electra	5	1960–1977	one crashed at Manado
Lockheed L1011-100	6	1975–1996
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32	24	1969–1992	Three donated to Merpati, one crashed, 1 was hijjacked. Replaced by Boeing 737s.
McDonell Douglas DC-10-30	10	1973–2004	one written-off in Fukuoka, 5 stored at CGK crashed, possibly scrapped. This kind of aircraft was used to fly Indonesian president Soeharto
McDonnell Douglas MD-11	9	1990–2002	All sold to Varig. Some of them now still in service with FedEx Express
PBY 5 Catalina	8	1950–1953
Total	229

[edit] Services

Garuda flight attendants serving refreshments

Garuda Indonesia domestic executive class meal

Garuda Indonesia is a full-service airline featuring both business and economy classes. The airline began to introduce new premium products and services with the arrival of the Airbus A330-200 and Boeing 737-800.

[edit] Cabin

Executive Class

Executive Class is Garuda's business class product available on board all Garuda Indonesia aircraft. The Airbus A330-200 and Airbus A330-300 feature the new Executive Class product with flat-bed seats, 74" seat pitch and recline up to 180 degrees. The seats feature an in-armrest 11-inch touch screen LCD with AVOD on each seat, in-seat laptop power supply, and personal reading light. The seats are in 2-2-2 configuration. The newer Boeing 737-800 also have a new Executive Class product in a 2-2 configuration.
The Boeing 747-400 and Boeing 737 still have the old Executive Class seat. Seats on the Boeing 747–400 have 46"-48" seat pitch with seat width of 16". On the Boeing 737 aircraft, including the -300, -400, -500, and older -800 Series, seat pitch ranges from 41" to 44" with seat width of 19". On selected aircraft, in-seat TVs are also available.
A range of hot and cold food and beverages is available, and snacks or meals are offered depending on the length of the flight. Wine and beer is also offered on international flights. In July 2011, Garuda Indonesia launched Indonesian Rijsttafel in Executive Class as its signature in-flight service.^[61] This Indonesian signature dining was meant to introduce the passenger to wide array of Indonesian cuisine in a single setting as part of Garuda Indonesia experience. This in-flight Indonesian Rijsttafel include Indonesian signature dishes; choices of nasi kuning or regular steamed rice, accompanied with choices of dishes such as satay, rendang, gado-gado grilled chicken rica, red snapper in yellow acar sauce, fried shrimp in sambal, potato perkedel and tempeh, also with kerupuk or rempeyek crackers.^[62][63]

Economy Class

Economy Class is available on board all Garuda Indonesia aircraft. Seat pitch ranges from 30" to 35" depending on the aircraft with seat width of 17". The Airbus A330-200 and Airbus A330-300 aircraft and the newer Boeing 737-800 aircraft have the new Economy Class seats which offer 9-inch touch screen entertainment with AVOD.
Hot and cold meals or snacks and beverages are offered depending on the length of the flight. Wine and beer is also offered on international flights.

[edit] In-flight entertainment

A Garuda Indonesia PTV in-flight entertainment in the new Economy Class. Garuda official release provides 25 in-flight movies, 10 TV programs, 35 music albums and 25 interactive video games.

In-flight entertainment is available on board selected aircraft. The Boeing 747-400 aircraft have cabin screens with Airshow, a moving map system to allow passengers to track the progress of their flight, as well as feature films and short movies. Audio programming is also available. Passengers in Executive Class can order portable media players (AVOD system) from flight attendants on international flights only.
The Airbus A330-200, Airbus A330-300 and newer Boeing 737-800s have in-flight entertainment in all classes. This includes 9-inch touch screen LCD in Economy Class and 11-inch touch screen LCD in Executive Class. In the Airbus A330-300, the screens are located on the seat backs or in the armrest on bulkhead rows, while in the Airbus A330-200 and the Boeing 737-800s, they are located in the armrest in Executive Class or on the seat back in Economy Class. All PTVs are equipped with an Audio & Video on Demand (AVOD) system. This AVOD system offers 25 choices of films, 10 TV programs, 35 music albums, and 25 interactive video games.
In addition, with Garuda Indonesia orders of ten Boeing 777-300ERs and 50 Boeing 737-800s during the Singapore Airshow, these new aircraft will be fitted with a new in-flight entertainment program and a new cabin ambience. The new release movies are expected to be shown in the most high-tech LCD TV screen made by Bose Audio system.
Newspapers and magazines are provided to all passengers on board Garuda Indonesia flights.^[64]

[edit] Ticketing

Garuda Indonesia ticketing services

A Jakarta-based 24-hour call center is available for local customer access where payment can be made by credit cards, internet/mobile banking or transfer via ATM. Recently online booking from their website is also possible with payment can be made online with credit cards from select countries.
In April 2011, Garuda Indonesia announced plans to develop online sales. Garuda Indonesia had cooperated with Visa and Mastercard to develop an online credit card payment system, allowing customers to use Paypal. Debit card payments may be processed with Bank Mandiri, BCA or BII.^[65][66]

[edit] Frequent-flyer program

Garuda Frequent Flyer was launched in September 1999.^[67] In 2005, Garuda Indonesia relaunched its frequent-flyer program called Garuda Frequent Flyer (GFF) with a new look, benefits and services. The new program allows members to earn miles on domestic and international flights and has four tiers of membership covering GFF Junior, Blue, Silver, Gold, and Platinum status levels.

Garuda Frequent Flyer Tiers^[68]

Tier Level	Benefits	Requirements
Blue	Welcome Bonus 300 Miles Earning Miles Spending Miles for Award Ticket Transferring Award Ticket Spending Miles for Upgrade Award Transferring Upgrade Award Tier Miles Percentage Priority wait-list on reservation	1 eligible flight
Silver	Earning Miles Spending Miles for Award Ticket Transferring Award Ticket Spending Miles for Upgrade Award Transferring Upgrade Award Dedicated check-in counter at Jakarta airport 5 kg Free excess baggage Tier Miles Percentage Priority wait-list on reservation	10,000 tier miles or 10 eligible flights within a year
Gold	Earning Miles Spending Miles for Award Ticket Transferring Award Ticket Spending Miles for Upgrade Award Transferring Upgrade Award Dedicated check-in counter at Jakarta airport Executive Class checkin counter Domestic Airport Lounge plus 1 guest for international flight 15 kg Free excess baggage Tier bonus 25% Tier Miles Percentage Baggage handling priority Priority wait-list on reservation * Luggage Tag	30,000 Tier Miles or 30 eligible flights within a year